![]() 1, A–C see dedicated paragraphs for additional details). Two additional discrete clusters were preliminarily identified as precursors of plasma cells and memory B cells based on their gene signatures, including expression of PRDM1 ( Angelin-Duclos et al., 2000 Falini et al., 2000) and CCR6 ( Suan et al., 2017), respectively ( Fig. Several clusters displayed intermediate expression of DZ/LZ markers and may represent intermediate stages in the GC differentiation process ( Fig. An inverted expression pattern of CXCR4 and CD83 characterized clusters representative of DZ and LZ B cells ( Fig. The analysis of the merged dataset, including 8,368 GC B cells, identified 13 clusters, which were annotated based on their gene expression signatures ( Fig. Given the consistency between donors, we applied batch correction using the Seurat package ( Butler et al., 2018) and merged the cells of both donors into a single dataset. The independent analysis of GC B cells from the two donors showed that they displayed remarkably similar structures and shared the gene signatures associated with distinct subpopulations ( Fig. However, the molecular mechanisms driving differentiation into memory B cells or plasma cells are not fully understood. Multiple lines of evidence support the notion that plasma cell differentiation is favored by the acquisition of high-affinity BCRs, while memory B cells rise from lower-affinity B cells ( Phan et al., 2006 Shinnakasu et al., 2016). GC B cell selection in the LZ requires BCR engagement and B–T cell interaction that trigger the signaling pathways driving the DZ reentry or differentiation toward post-GC memory B cells and plasma cells. GC B cells recirculate between the DZ and LZ compartments, undergoing multiple rounds of BCR editing and affinity selection ( Calado et al., 2012 Dominguez-Sola et al., 2012 Ersching et al., 2017 Finkin et al., 2019 Victora et al., 2010). The GC includes two functionally distinct compartments: the dark zone (DZ), representing the site of intense B cell proliferation and SHM, and the light zone (LZ), where affinity selection occurs ( Cyster and Allen, 2019 De Silva and Klein, 2015 Mesin et al., 2016 Victora and Nussenzweig, 2012). In the GC, B cells undergo class switch recombination, although this process can also occur outside the GC ( Roco et al., 2019). They represent the sites of antibody affinity maturation, a process based on multiple rounds of B cell receptor (BCR) editing by somatic hypermutation (SHM) followed by affinity-driven selection. System requirements call for a G4 or better (including Intel), 512MB RAM, Mac OS X 10.5 or later, and 800MB free hard disk space.Germinal centers (GCs) are histological structures that form in the secondary lymphoid organs in response to engagement of mature naive B cells by the antigen. This year Roxio is also introducing Toast 10 Titanium Pro, an advanced version that bundles Toast 10 Titanium with the HD/BD Plug-in SoundSoap, which lets you reduce audio noise from videos and music Sonicfire, a music soundtrack creation software tool FotoMagico, designed to produce HD still image slideshows and LightZone, a photo editing and effects package. The built-in media browser, which lets you look at videos, pictures and music you’ve archived on your Mac, now provides you with more data to make it easier to find the exact clip or data you’re looking for. Toast 10 Titanium’s developers have cleaned up the interface to provide easier access to commonly used features. And Streamer, software that lets you stream archived video on your home computer to a remote Mac, has been updated for the iPhone-Roxio will soon release a native Streamer app for the iPhone, so you can watch archived video clips over Wi-Fi or 3G using an iPhone or iPod touch. ![]() And folders containing video and data can be synced bidirectionally, between multiple computers, folders, or external storage devices. Toast 10 Titanium is also now equipped with 20 new DVD and Blu-ray Disc menu styles, so you can create your own discs with custom interfaces.
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